‘Orchards without Borders’ – is a partnership project between Brighton & Hove Food Partnership, Sussex and Centre Permanent d’Intiatives pour L’Environnement, an environmental education and research institute in Normandy, France. The project is funded by the EU Interreg Fund and it aims to assist the preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage of both regions in terms of local fruit varieties, orchard skills, fruit processing and cookery. As part of their activities, people and skills have crossed the Channel in both directions. Visiting an orchard run along organic lines in Normandy was part of the objective for the Sussex contingent during a recent visit. Peter May gives us an account of their visit. Peter manages several community orchards and runs courses for Brighton Permaculture Trust and Plumpton Agricultural College on a range of orchard skills as well as being the co-author of Sussex Apples and Orchards.

Over the past couple of years people have been sharing orchard skills across age groups, across the professional/ community divide and across the Channel. Organisations in Sussex and Lower Normandy have transported vanloads of local variety apple trees to create ‘bilingual’ small orchards in 10 schools and community settings with hundreds of children and adults in both regions. Dozens of people have attended workshops in grafting, pruning, cookery, juicing, cider and calvados production, orchard design, the bird life of orchards and have participated in each other’s public events. We also visited orchards – large and small, professional and community, rural and urban.

One of the most interesting of these was the organic orchard run by Bruno Liehn. In a region better known for its small cider orchards, Bruno has made a success of cultivating dessert apples, and doing so using methods, which meet the requirements of organic certification. His knowledge and skills are constantly evolving. Like all good farmers he is curious and open to new approaches to almost everything from protection against scab - at one time using the silt surrounding the Mont Saint Michel - to growing trees on their own roots, a practice which he rather fell into by chance (of which more later).

The organic orchards and grazing land of La Blutellerie farmed by Bruno Liehn lie in an open landscape of farmland, hedgerows and small woods a few kilometres from Lignères-Orgères in Lower Normandy. The soils are clays and sandier soils, which overlie the granites of the Armorican massif. There is good drainage on the sandier soils but where there are hard sandstones and clays, drainage is poor.

While many of the orchards in this part of Normandy characteristically have large cider and pear trees under-grazed by cattle and sheep, the organic orchards at La Blutellerie are mainly dessert apples with varieties like Topaz, Reinette Grise du Canada, Dalinette, Benedictin, Calville Blanc, Goldrush, Pilot and the distinctively marked Patte de Loup or ‘Paw of the Wolf’. Evereste and Golden Gem crab apples are inter-planted in the rows as pollinators and there are also beehives.

With 17 hectares of pasture and 5.5 hectares of orchards, the trees are grown on a post and wire framework with a main central stem and a radial or ‘centrifugal’ pattern of branches to allow as much light as possible to reach the fruit. Vertical, tightly angled branches and strongly growing ones are pruned out. The remaining widely spaced branches can then be tied down if necessary onto the framework to increase fruit bud formation.

The rootstocks used are M9, M111 and Bittenfelder, a seedling rootstock. Seedling rootstocks like Bittenfelder are commonly used in Normandy where they are grown from the seeds of parent trees of known vigour in Dutch nurseries.

Many of the trees are ‘top-worked’ or cleft grafted with the fruiting variety onto a Golden Delicious or Akane interstock. A proportion of the trees are also grown up from the rootstock without the use of an interstock.

On the light soils at La Blutellerie, the trees are planted into ground, which has first been rotavated to break up the grass sward and then further broken down with a ‘Rotabeche’ a tractor-mounted cultivator. The rows are planted in a north-south direction, 5 metres apart and 2.5 metres between each tree. Grass is allowed to grow around the tree rows as Bruno thought this improved soil biodiversity. He commented that when strips of bare soil are left along the line of trees, a practice that is characteristic of intensive commercial orchards, it exposed the surface roots to drying out.

Irrigation is required on the sandier well-drained areas of the orchard and this is provided by a borehole and a water storage lake in the valley below La Blutellerie. An overhead irrigation line with spray nozzles runs along the length of each row of trees and the fine mist from these provide frost protection. The ice forming on the flowers from the fine water spray, prevents temperatures falling below minus 1 centigrade and as long as this gradually melts the damage to the flowers from freezing is prevented. Bruno thought that 1 year in 6 was a bad frost year at flowering time.

Sheep graze underneath the trees as part of the cycle of production. The 20 Shropshire sheep are bought in from Austria and act as ‘lawnmowers’ keeping the grass down, with meat as a valuable by-product. They also manure the ground around the fruit trees and are an important way of maintaining soil fertility. By closely cropping the grass and feeding on windfalls the sheep reduce the population of codling moth caterpillars that cause damage to the fruit in apple orchards. Following our visit, members of a group from Walburton, West Sussex, introduced sheep to their orchard.

The sheep damage some of the lowest branches of the trees, but Bruno said that the sheep usually graze the grass and only tended to feed on the lower branches of the apple trees when there was not enough grass to eat.

‘BSC Italienne’ or Lime Sulphur is sprayed onto the trees to prevent scab, with the numbers of applications dependant on the weather conditions and the susceptibility of the apple variety to the disease. This might be 10 times during spring and summer and up to 30 times in a ‘bad’ scab year or with susceptible varieties like Goldrush. Reinette d’Armorique and Patte de Loup are tolerant of scab with little damage to the fruit.

Lime is also sprayed onto the rows of trees at the end of the winter to reduce the amount of canker present with milk casein used to help the lime bind onto the trees. Copper is used as a fungicide mixed with linseed. The mixture when soaked in vinegar forms an emulsion, which helps the copper to remain on the trees after rain.

Rosy Apple Aphid is the insect that causes greatest damage to the leaves on the trees, and Neem oil and Pyrethrum are applied as insecticides.

Wild areas are left as a habitat for the beneficial insects that are predators of aphids in the orchards, although Bruno had to remove some of the hedgerows that divide the orchards because flocks of chaffinches and bullfinches were eating the fruit buds.

On one of the beds of trees grafted onto an M9 rootstock, voles had ring barked the trees at soil level. Rather than remove the damaged trees and replant with new varieties, Bruno earthed up the soil around the base of the trees, which encouraged them to produce their own roots. Without the dwarfing effect of the rootstock, varieties like Pilot and Goldrush grew to 5-6 meters high and more. Despite the lack of control in the eventual size of the trees, trees on their own roots are likely to be healthier as the supply of nutrients is determined by its own roots rather than by a rootstock which may have different nutrient requirements. Bruno thought the M111 rootstock was resistant to vole damage. Bruno’s orchard is a rare example of own-root apple trees in a commercial orchard.

One disadvantage of having such high trees is that it makes picking more difficult and on the day of our visit a mobile hydraulic platform was being used to enable the fruit to be picked before it is packed or stored in the cold store by the Lignères Orgères road.

Bruno is a member of the Percheron collective which is a group of organic producers near the town of Alençon who market a wide range of agricultural products from fruit, vegetables, bread and flour to meat, dairy products and sunflower oil. The co-operative markets the apples produced at La Blutellerie to customers in Paris and the fruit is also sold to school canteens and a large market in Caen, as well as to customers visiting the farm.

Our visit was arranged by Evelyne Ramon of CPIE (Centre Permanent d’Intiatives pour L’Environnement), Collines Normandes in Normandy and Anne-Marie Bur of the Brighton & Hove Food Partnership and Brighton Permaculture Trust. An exhibition about orchards in Sussex and Normandy, a collaborative production in both French and English versions, is available for loan from the Food Partnership.

Peter May

For more information contact:

Anne-Marie Bur, Brighton & Hove Food Partnership: Anne-Marie@bhfood.org.uk

Peter May: Peter@peter1may.plus.com